International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Martin Jimsel Mboweni

ABSTRACT:The aim of study was to assess and evaluate the ability of SMMEs operating in the automotive industry of Gauteng Province to raise start-up capital by using crowdfunding. The study was conducted by collecting data from a stratified random sample of size n=378 automotive companies operating in the various parts of Gauteng Province. The study found that about 53% of the 378 respondents who took part in the study have used crowdfunding for raising start-up capital at least once in the past, whereas the remaining 47% of respondents did not do the same. About 47% of respondents have found crowdfunding to be helpful in some way as a means of raising start-up capital in the automotive industry of Gauteng Province. About 74% of respondents in the study were actual owners of their automotive companies. Only 7% of respondents were employed managers. About 47% of respondents were members of the Motor Industry Workshop Association (MIWA), whereas about 36% of respondents were members of the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAASP). About 36% of them were members of the South African Motor Body Repairers’ Association (SAMBRA). About 17% of respondents had no membership. Results obtained from ordered logit analysis and Bayesian analysis showed that the practice of raising start-up capital by using crowd funding in the automotive industry of Gauteng Province was significantly influenced by 3 factors. These predictor variables were the province of main operation, difficulty in applying for a business loan, and inability to produce collateral needed for business loan applications, in a decreasing order of strength.

Keyword:Crowd funding, Gauteng Province, Automotive industry, ordered logit analysis

Ng Kar Weng

ABSTRACT: Objectives |Local craft entrepreneurs were struggling to get their products and services sold to the market in Malaysia. With the development of mobile internet and technology, the trend of consumerism has rapidly changed in the last few years with the boom of the online marketplace. To confront the consumption trend, the local craft entrepreneurs should take advantage of social media platforms for their business start-up. The main purpose of this paper is to prove that local craft entrepreneurs can turn hobby into profitable activities by approaching an online platform in their business start-up. Also, to identify the opportunity for local craft entrepreneurs to engage their target audiences or prospect customers via social media, e.g Facebook. Methodology & Tool |The data for this study was collected from a craft entrepreneurship pilot project – Project BATU Facebook page. Photo posts were captured within 20 days, from 20 April 2019 to 10 May 2019, as the experimental business start-up stage of the pilot project. All data collected were related to total engagement per post (sum of all follower’s reactions, comments & shares) and were analyzed to calculate the Engagement Rate of Post (ER post) and Average Engagement Rate of Post (Av. ER post). The design thinking process was applied as an innovative model to expand encompasses human-centered processes in this research. Results |The numbers of fans and their total engagement rate is increasing. Social photos could be the ‘holy grail’ of social media engagement according to an expert. Therefore, The 15 photo posts were then categorized into 3 posts types: Product information, Announcement shout-out & Activity moments. The result shows activities relevant photo posts are easier to engage audiences’ attention and interest. Discoveries |This study shows that craft entrepreneurs can engage their target audiences as early as the start-up stage of their business through Facebook page activities. Obtaining insights about audience responses and engagement increased when social activity relevant content shared and reached the audience’s news feed. When the engagement rate increased, the post can reach more audiences on Facebook. It could help local craft entrepreneurs to perform better online by increasing their brand awareness and exposure.

Keyword:Design Management, Craft Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship, Facebook Engagement, Design thinking

1Onaleye, K. J., Buba, L. E., 1Elkana, R, 1Babaonoja, E.B.T., 1Ahmadu, J.P., 2Ayoade, J.A.

ABSTRACT:Green and dry maize stovers were ensiled with or without ground dried cassava peels (GCP) or dried poultry litter (DPL) and fed to Red Sokoto goats to evaluate their effect on haematology and serum biochemistry of the goats. Six silage types viz: T1= Chopped Green Maize Stover (CGMS) only (no additive), T2 = CGMS + 5% GCP (w/w), T3 = CGMS + 36% DPL (w/w), T4 = Chopped Dry Maize Stover (CDMS) without additive, T5 = CDMS + 5% GCP (w/w) and T6 = CDMS + 36% DPL (w/w). At the end of a preliminary 112 days performance study, blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of the 24 goats (4 goats per treatment) for the analysis of haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected according to standard procedure. The results showed differences (P < 0.05) among treatments for packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) as well as urea and alkaline phosphate. T3 and T6 (un-supplemented) had lower PCV and Hb values than the normal range for goats. It was concluded that maize stover silage supplemented with concentrate can serve as dry season feed for goats without compromising the health of the goats.

Keyword:Haematological parameters, Serum biochemistry, Red Sokoto goats, ensiled maize stover, Concentrate supplement.

Saad zohra. 1 , Gjije abderrahim1 , Faaras mohamed said2, El Khattat mahmoud1 and Idhalla mohamed3

ABSTRACT:The bay of Cintra is a marine ecosystem located in the southern Moroccan Atlantic known for its biological richness and therefore for its high fishery productivity. This bay was chosen as a new destination for the development of aquaculture in the southern regions of Morocco. To highlight its potential in terms of oyster farming, a first rearing trial of triploid cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) as well as parallel monitoring of the phytoplankton population and ecological parameters were undertaken. The results obtained showed that the oysters adapt well to the conditions of the new environment where mortality was negligible, or even absent after a month of launching. In terms of biological performance, the growth of individuals is continuous during the annual cycle and after eight months the weight could reach 30.5 g which is a minimum weight for marketing. The AFNOR and Lawrence and Scott indices showed a good physiological state and a better commercial quality of the oysters. The filling rate of these oysters, with an average weight of 39.7g when lifting, is very high according to the Lawrence and Scott index (126.3) and the average AFNOR index (around 21.8) rank them in the “Special” category.

Keyword: potential, rearing, Crassostrea gigas, bay of Cintra, Morocco

Zelalem Teshager

ABSTRACT:The land cover and land use changes are caused by both, natural and anthropogenic factors. This study was conducted in kility Watershed, Amhara Region, North western Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to detect and analyse LULC changes in the watershed. The study has used ArcGIS10.3 and ERDAS IMAGINE 15, Landsat images of 1986 and 2002; Sentinel 2 image for 2019 to analyse land cover and land use changes of Kility watershed. In addition, the survey was conducted to detect the land use class and their drivers of changes. The Maximum Likelihood Algorithm of Supervised Classification has been used to generate land use and land cover maps. For the accuracy of classified Land Use/Land Cover maps, a confusion matrix was used to derive overall accuracy and results were above the minimum and acceptable threshold level. Post classification comparison change detection method was employed to identify gains and losses between Land Use/Land Cover classes. The satellite image results showed that Bush land decreased in the first period but increased in the second and the entire study periods. Grassland increased in the first period and increased in the entire periods. Agricultural land is the most converted cover type during the second study period. In the 33 years, forest lands expanded by over 8.48 % of the original forest cover what was existed at the base year. Settlement area which was not found in the first two study years satellite image result have 1.46 % proportion in 2019 Land Use/Land Cover classification.

Keyword:Kility; Watershed; Image Classification; GIS; Land Use/Land Cover Change; Remote Sensing

Yuli Mulyanti, Deswani, Ulty Desmarnita, Rita Ismail

ABSTRACT:Women still face the most concerning disease, called breast cancer, with the most alarming cases to this day, yet it is possible for the patients to get treated properly if the cancer can be detected earlier. The efforts to get public awareness on the breast cancer symptoms and risks had been performed, one of which is by practicing breast self-exam (BSE). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of BSE education (SADARI) on knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of young woman, specifically high school girls. The research method employed a quasi experimental design with pre and post-test on control group. The research sample was high school students, specifically girl students, with a total sample of 60 respondents for the intervention as well as control groups. The analysis of this study employed a t-test. The data collected that most respondents were 16 years old (88.4%), had their first menstruation at the age of ≥12 years old (76.7%), had not been exposed to the practice of SADARI or any BSE education before (60%), had never practiced on BSE (75%), and had a history of cancer running within the family by 26.7%. There was a significant difference in the mean of knowledge variable between the intervention group and the control group after the intervention (p value = 0.000). There was a significant difference in the mean of attitude variable between the intervention group and the control group after the intervention (p value = 0.031), and there was a significant difference in the mean of awareness variable between the intervention group and the control group (p value = 0.026). It can be concluded that there is a significant or meaningful relationship between the education and the knowledge, attitudes and behavior of school girls.

Keyword:attitude, breast self-exam, knowledge, practice

Maribel T. Lescano

ABSTRACT:This study determined the emotional intelligence and leadership performance of public secondary school heads in the four divisions of Batangas, namely, Division of Lipa City, Division of Tanauan City, Division of Batangas City and Division of Batangas Province. A descriptive method of research was utilized in this study with the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument supplemented by the focus group discussion and unstructured interview, to gather pertinent data and information. Moreover, the levels of emotional intelligence with regards to self - awareness, self-management, social awareness and managing emotions were determined. It was found out that the respondents showed their characteristics in terms of the above-mentioned levels often. Consequently, the study also revealed that the instructional leadership, learning environment, human resource management and development, parents’ involvement and community partnership and research management posted impact to the leadership performance of school administrators. The proposed training program design covered the low assessments of respondents regarding the emotional intelligence and leadership performance of the school heads. The proposed training design will be presented to DepEd officials for appropriate approval and utilization.

Keyword:emotional intelligence, leadership performance, public school heads

Nguyen Thi Thuy & Hoang Thi Thuong

ABSTRACT:Today, with a strong organizational brand identity, it's easy to attract, retain and encourage employees to work effectively. This research will clarify the impact of the brand organization with the role of the employer’s brand to the labours’ proactive motivation of work that will help to explain the priority in choosing and career orientation of both current and potential employees. This research summed up some points of view of the organization’s brand and the laborers’ automatically motivated working. At the same times to propose some solutions for improving the laborers’ automatically motivated working through to develop the employers’ brand of organizations.

Keyword:Employer’s Brand, Proactive Motivation, Work Motivation, Tour Guides, Tourism Companies, Ho Chi Minh City

APPLIQUEES(ISTA-BUKAVU/BURHUZA) 1, Prof Albert KABASELE YENGA YENGA(UPN-KINSHASA) 2, Prof Jean Pierre BAJOPE BALUKU(CRSN-LWIRO) 3, Prof Robert WAZI NANDEFU(UOB-BUKAVU et UNIVERSITE DE ROUAN/PARIS) 4, BAUDOUIN ALINGILIA MAMBEU(UNP-BUKAVU) 5

ABSTRACT:The floodingprovocated by Mukukwe–river occuredduring the wetseasonfrom septembre up to june and do not stop to cause catastrophicdamages.The origine of theseflooding has manyfactors .Primarilywe mention the anthropic impacts on the environment due to disrespect of townplannerliabilitynormsaggravatedphenomena by climaticupheaval a caused by actualclimatereheating,the violent erosionnsatwatershedes on steepslopesgreaterthan 300,the sedimentation of Mukukwevalley ,enoimouswastecarried by thesewaterways and that block the normal water flowings ,anarchicbuldingsthatoccupy all the spaces and create an whealthyenvironment.It is a great moment that all actors been involved in the protection of the environmentnamely the state throughitsspecialized services ;theinhabitants of the places concerned(Mukukwe,Muhungu,Vamaro,Sayo Camp and Irambo). The NGOs (Non –gouvernemental Organization), civil societiescontribute to the preservation and sentationof this part of Bukavu town.

Keyword:Impact-Inondation-Effets-Hydrologicseffects- River-Forage-Drilling-Bukavu Mukukwe

Vhonani Makhari

ABSTRACT:Choi Feng, Liu and Zhu (2019) have constructed a framework for assessing the degree to which emerging small, micro and medium-sized enterprises (SMMEs) operating in the City of Ekurhuleni, Gauteng Province, South Africa adhere to the basic principles of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the course of conducting business. The study was conducted in order to assess the level of adherence to CSR principles and guidelines in 279 emerging SMMEs operating in the City of Ekurhuleni. The study found that the degree of adherence of SMMEs to CSR principles was significantly influenced by awareness about the potential benefits of CSR principles, duration of operation, and level of education of business owners. The study found that about 72% of the 297 SMMEs in the study adhered sufficiently to CSR principles and guidelines by the standards of Choi Feng, Liu and Zhu (2019). Results obtained from Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) showed that there was a statistically significant association between the profitability of businesses and sufficient adherence to CSR guidelines and principles in SMMEs.

Keyword:Corporate Social Responsibility,Emerging enterprises,Multivariate ANOVA

Aysegul Kilic & Emine KARACAN

ABSTRACT:Background: This study was carried out to analyze the studies conducted to investigate evidence basedpractices in preventing postpartum hemorrhage. Materials and Methods: The literature review was carried out by using the Cochrane database, which was published between 2000-2020, in PDF format with abstract and full text. Screening was performed in English using 12 keywords. As a result of the study, 15 studies were included in the research. Results: In this study examining evidence-based interventions to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, it was found that oral or sublingual administration of uterotonic agents was less effective than intravenous administration, the use of prophylactic uterotonics in the third stage of labor before and after the removal of the placenta had no effect on the length of the postpartum hemorrhageand the third stage of labor, and misoprostol caused an increase in body temperature, uterine massage reduced postpartum hemorrhage and reduced additional uterotonic need by 80% after delivery of the placenta, evidence of efficacy of breast-feeding and nipple stimulation in reducing postpartum hemorrhage was insufficient, controlled cord traction was found to reduce the placenta manually and slightly decrease postpartum hemorrhage, but there was no significant difference between additional uterotonic use, blood transfusion, maternal mortality / severe morbidity, surgical procedures or maternal satisfaction. It was found that placental cord drainage reduced the length of the third stage of labor by 3 minutes for a period of time and decreased blood loss to an average of 77ml. Early and late clamping time of umbilical cord did not have a significant effect on postpartum hemorrhage. Conclusions: As a result of this study, more studies with higher level of evidence are needed to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. In particular, studies showing the effects of single or combined administration of uterotonic drugs and randomized controlled trials with higher levels of evidence indicating the efficacy of nonpharmacological applications to prevent postpartum hemorrhage have been identified.

Keyword:Postpartum Hemorrhage, Evidence Based Practice, Systematic Review.

Kexin Yao

ABSTRACT:It is pointed out that the magnetic field is not an independent real substance and it is considered that the electromagnetic field containing non-material magnetic field cannot establish a unified field theory with the gravitational field of the real substance. Through analysis, it is concluded that the so-called magnetic field is essentially a motion state of the electric field. The magnetic field is defined as the electric field contracting in motion. According to this definition, the Biot-Savart, Lorentz force, electromagnetic induction, displacement current and Ampere loop laws are deduced and proved. Through the experimental results of electrostatic field around the permanent magnet, it is proved that the magnetic field is indeed the electric field contracting in motion. It is believed that the electrostatic field is similar to the static gravitational field, the electric field contracting in motion can be defined as a magnetic field, and the gravitational field contracting in motion can also be defined as a similar contraction field, so that the electromagnetic field is completely similar to the gravitational contraction field, and the unification of the two fields is an inevitable result.

Keyword:electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field, gravitational contraction field, unified field theory, special theory of relativity, fundamental laws of electromagnetics

Yap Chin Ann, Sang Jam, Lawrance Tuah

ABSTRACT:Nutri-pepper enhancer contain active ingredient with anti-cancer properties with the IC50 value of 9.54- 10.11µg/mL against ovary cancer cell line, 9. 44-9.76 µg/mL against breast cancer cell lines, 9.84 µg/mL against colorectal cancer cell line and 10.10 µg/mL against cervical cancer cell line. Morphological alterations in the cell lines after treatment were observed. This finding indicated that Nutri-pepper enhancer possessed effective cytotoxic activities against all the cancer cell lines. This research finding is in agreement with the criteria established by the American Cancer institute where the crude extract can be considered as a promising anticancer agent for further development into potential anticancer natural compounds based on the IC50 value lower than 30 µg/mL.

Keyword: (a) Nutri-pepper enhancer (b) Anti cancer (c) Ovary cancer (d) Breast cancer (e) colorectal cancer (d) cervical cancer

Roslinawati

ABSTRACT:The existence of industry greatly affects economic growth, especially for farmers. It impacts the sustainability of farmers and may lead to cultural changes. This study aimed to identify and analyze cultural changes that are infrastructure (work, equipment, and technology) in the Bugis-Makassar tribe. This study used a qualitative approach and was analyzed descriptively. The population of this study was 14 farmers determined using the purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques included observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussion (FGD). The data analysis used an interactive approach consisting of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that the Daya community’s social stratification before the existence of industry was targeted at three layers, i.e., aristocratic descent, tomaradeka, and slave. The industrial entrance in Daya Sub-District, Biringkanaya District, Makassar City, has changed the regional community’s life from being dominant in agriculture to the Makassar industrial area (KIMA), causing some people to switch jobs or occupations due to land conversion. It was not the only change. As a consequence of land-use change, the community’s production equipment related to agriculture changed to other equipment related to industrial activities. Many community members had turned their jobs to become industrial workers with different equipment from when they were farmers. These changes occurred processively and not simultaneously. According to the theory adopted by Marvin Harris, changes in infrastructure components will also change cultural systems that are structural and superstructural.

Keyword: Cultural Changes, Infrastructure, Equipment, Technology

Imam Sofyan

ABSTRACT: COVID-19 is a deadly pandemic and is a humanitarian emergency that quickly spreads throughout China and various countries. The spread of this virus urges the Chinese government to respond by implementing COVID19 control measures that are applied based on the results of identification. The rapid spread and transmission of the virus in China and throughout the world raises the question of how the Chinese government responds to COVID19 control. The main purpose is to control the spread and transmission of the virus, as well as being a reference material for various countries in the world to fight COVID-19. This research method uses secondary data, such as international journals, Chinese government websites, WHO, international media, and etc. The data collected was analyzed descriptively based on data and facts in the field. The research results showed that control measures such as isolation and quarantine, social distancing and community containment have been successfully implemented. There is a decrease in the number of cases and a decrease in the level of emergencies, the Chinese government actively provides assistance to countries around the world to fight COVID-19.

Keyword: COVID-19, coronavirus, government, policy

Prof. A.H.N. Kariyawasam

ABSTRACT:This study was aimed at analyzing the relationship between various factors (Task orientation, Time management, Instructor feedback and cooperation) and assignment completion. With the current pandemic situation, the demand for e-learning is growing and hence the exam based grading system is slowly moving towards an assignment based grading system which enhances the importance of this study to research on what factors influences the completing of an assignment efficiently. The approach taken in designing this study was a deductive approach using a quantitative method. A self administered survey was used on a sample of 500 undergraduates in three local universities. Analysis involved correlation, regression and descriptive analysis. The results of the study followed the findings of the previous researches done on this regard except for few instances. Task orientation was the main determinant of time spent on assignments and the time management was the main determinant of number of assignments completed. All the factors were inter-related to each other directly or indirectly. Research limitations involved the limitation of factors analyzed and further research can be done using postgraduate students or school students and undergraduates in foreign universities. Future studies can also involve a qualitative aspect as well to enable the respondents to give a qualitative input

Keyword:Assignment completion, Task orientation, Time management, Instructor feedback, cooperation

Ahmed Shukri Mohammed1 *Tessema Zewdu2

ABSTRACT:A study with the objectives of assessing on Rangeland Herbaceous Species Biodiversity and productivity was conducted in the grazing and browsing areas of the pastoral and agro-pastoral rangeland production systems in Shinile District of Somali Regional State. Plots were laid under two rangeland production systems (Pastoral Production System and Agro-pastoral Production System) with three grazing types (Riverside, Enclosure and Communal). The Statistical Analysis Software was used to analyze the vegetation and soil data. In the study district, a total of 27, 20, and 4 species of grasses, forbs and herbaceous legumes species were identified, respectively. There was a decreased in grass abundance and increased in non-grass species in the pastoral production system and an increased in grass abundance and decreased in non-grass species in the agro-pastoral rangeland production system. Herbaceous species abundance, species diversity, evenness and species richness were significantly higher in the Pastoral Production System than Agro-pastoral Production System. Herbaceous species abundance, species diversity and species richness were significantly higher in enclosure than riverside and communal grazing areas in Shinile district. The percentage of basal cover and bare ground for herbaceous species were significantly higher in the Pastoral Production System than Agro-pastoral Production System. There was an increased in the percentage of basal cover and decreased in bare ground cover in enclosure compared with other grazing land types. Potassium and sodium content of the soil were significantly higher in the Agro-pastoral Production System as compared to the Pastoral Production System. From the result, this study implies that a process of degradation maybe undergoing in the Pastoral Production System more than in the Agro-pastoral Production System, most likely due to poor grazing management practices and recurrent drought in the area. Therefore, this demands due attention on integrated management for the conservation of the soil, productivity of the rangeland and appropriate plan of biodiversity conservation such as establishing, designing and implementations of watershed management for physical and biological conservation should be planned to minimize loss of biodiversity, which also require the support of appropriate rangeland vegetation monitoring and evaluation systems based on the participation of the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities.

Keyword:Basal cover, biomass production, Plant species abundance, species composition, species diversity and soil characteristics.

Pham Thi Anh Tho & Bui Van Hong

ABSTRACT:Project-Based Learning is an effective teaching method whose leaners have a complex mission of creating products to give presentation through the combination of theory and practice. The purpose of this study is to generally present the Project-Based Learning, the findings of the research on grade 11 biology teaching based on this method, and the challenges of both students and teachers at Thu Duc high school in Ho Chi Minh City as well.Through the observation result, this research papers proposes methods for organizing Project-Based Learning activities in biology education for grade 11 in order to support students to promote their positive, initiatives in learning, develop skills and efficiently contribute into increasing biology teaching efficiency.

Keyword:Project-Based Learning, Thu Duc high school, Grade 11 Biology Subject, teaching method

Dr. Omae, Nelson Siocha 1 ; Dr. Nyaboga, Evans Nyagaka 2

ABSTRACT:The Kenyan government in collaboration with Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) launched Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education (SMASSE) project in July 1998 in an attempt to provide remedial measures. However, the extent and scale use of the instructional strategies (the ASEI and PDSI strategies) applied is unknown. This arises from the predominant view held that performance in science subjects is still far below average and boys have always performed better than girls specifically in biology. It’s apparent that under-achievement of girls in biology is an inefficiency of educational systems. As we seek to learn more about what is possible, what works for the girl child and what does not in biology performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE, we now turn to teachers. The study was guided by the constructivist theory of learning. Specifically and chronologically, this reflective paper attempts an overview of academic performance of girl child in biology in secondary schools in Kenya in a period of six years (2014-2019). The study was based on the (KCSE) examination results obtained as secondary data from the Kenya National examinations Council. The study gives an overview of instructional strategies/practices best suited in the teaching of biology. Literature review on factors impacting performance of girl child in biology is done. Conclusions and recommendations were based on literature review. The review contributes to the creation of knowledge that will be used by policy makers in reference to SMASSE in improving girl child performance in Biology. The review also helps the school administrators and educational policy makers to acknowledge the existing challenges of girl child performance in Biology and learning means of tackling teaching them in schools. The review helps the MOE and curriculum developers to know influence of teacher competency/instructional strategies/practices culture and learner attitude in girl child performance in Biology thus become the basis of curriculum innovation and improvement.

Keyword:Academic Performance, Biology, Girl Child, Secondary Schools

A.WHE-MIN WANG 1, B.Horng-Jinh Chang 2, C.Tan-Ni Wang 3

ABSTRACT:Robot teaching course has been gradually completed since the middle of the last century. It mainly used in industrial automation production, such as food, medicine, automobile, hardware and other industries. All industries have to rely on the robot’s manipulation. Due to the strong demand of the market, colleges and universities competing to open relevant courses to train the talents of the operation. However, the robot operationteaching course is relatively lacking in the market. in order to facilitate the entry of students and more proficient in automated production. The course need to be examine and revise, this paper is to find out more precisely the skill of robot language writing for school talent and industrial need. Ever since the first time came across automation courses, I have planted an indissoluble bond with it. I am going on to explore the farther, to discuss different versions of Robot Operation Manuals, the differences and pros and cons of it.

Keyword:Robot Operation Manuals, Automation, Robot programming language, Education.